1. Verify the Land Title Documents

One of the first things you should do before buying land in Abuja is to examine and independently verify the property's title documents. Do not rely solely on copies provided by the seller or agent.

Depending on the property and its history, you may come across documents such as:

• Certificate of Occupancy (C of O): A document evidencing a recognized right of occupancy, subject to the applicable law and terms of the grant.
• Right of Occupancy (R of O): A form of land interest that may be encountered in Abuja and other parts of Nigeria.
• Deed of Assignment: A legal instrument used to transfer an interest in land from one party to another.
• Survey Plan: A document that identifies the location, boundaries, and measurements of the land.

Having a document is not enough. The information contained in the documents should be independently checked against the appropriate land records to determine whether the seller's claim and the property's details can be verified.

For land located in Abuja, buyers should consider obtaining an official search through the appropriate FCT land administration authorities, including the Abuja Geographic Information Systems (AGIS), where applicable.

2. Confirm the Land Is Not Under Government Acquisition

Another important step when buying land in Abuja is checking whether the property is affected by government acquisition, planning restrictions, or other public-purpose reservations.

Land may be affected by government plans for infrastructure or public projects such as roads, schools, government facilities, and other developments. Buying a property without checking its status can expose you to significant financial and legal risks.

Before making payment, instruct a qualified property lawyer or other appropriate professional to conduct the necessary searches with the relevant FCT land authorities.

Proper due diligence can help you understand the legal status of the land before you commit your money.

3. Do a Physical Inspection of the Land

Never rely entirely on photographs, videos, maps, or online property listings when buying land. Visit the property and inspect the actual location before proceeding with the transaction.

A physical inspection can help you identify issues that may not be obvious from the documents or property listing.

During your inspection, pay attention to:

• Accessibility: Check the condition of the roads and whether the property is easily accessible.
• Drainage and flooding: Look at the surrounding terrain and drainage system, particularly during or after rainfall where possible.
• Neighbouring properties: Check nearby buildings, landmarks, roads, and other features that can help establish the location.
• Beacons and boundaries: Check whether visible boundary markers correspond with the property's survey information.
• Surrounding development: Consider existing infrastructure and planned development around the area.

Where necessary, engage a qualified surveyor to help confirm the property's location, boundaries, and measurements.

4. Check for Multiple Ownership Claims

Multiple ownership claims are a serious risk in property transactions. A buyer may be presented with documents or information suggesting that a seller owns a particular parcel, only to discover that another person is also claiming an interest in the same land.

This is why verifying the ownership history of a property is an essential part of due diligence.

Before making payment:

• Conduct an appropriate search with the relevant land registry or land administration authority.
• Ask the seller to provide documents showing how the interest in the property was acquired.
• Check the chain of ownership and ensure that the documents are consistent.
• Engage a qualified property lawyer to review the transaction and conduct the necessary legal searches.

5. Use a Qualified Lawyer and a Trusted Real Estate Agent

Some buyers try to avoid professional fees when purchasing land, but this can become expensive if problems are discovered after payment. Professional advice can help you identify issues before they become costly mistakes.

What Can a Property Lawyer Help With?

• Reviewing property and ownership documents.
• Conducting or coordinating appropriate searches.
• Reviewing or preparing the sale and purchase agreement.
• Identifying potential legal issues with the transaction.
• Advising you on the legal steps involved in completing the purchase.

Why Work With a Trusted Real Estate Agent?

A reputable real estate agent with knowledge of the Abuja property market can help you identify suitable properties, communicate with sellers, arrange inspections, and guide you through the property search process.

However, an agent's involvement should not replace independent legal and documentary verification.